Statement of Need
Breakthrough pain is a frequent problem that occurs in the presence of otherwise stable, persistent pain. It is usually associated with moderate to severe pain and may be a predictor of poor response to treatment with routine pharmacotherapy. Breakthrough pain is also associated with both functional impairment and psychological distress. It may be very difficult to treat. Assessment and treatment should be multidimensional, with pharmacotherapy being the mainstay of treatment. Accordingly, it is critical to update practitioners on the latest research regarding this challenging category of pain.

Target Audience
This CME/CE activity is intended for practicing physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals who have an interest in breakthrough pain management.

Content/Goals
To provide the physicians and other health care professionals with an update of current and evolving information regarding breakthrough pain that is of cancer and non-cancer origin.

Accreditation Statement
The Dannemiller Memorial Educational Foundation is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.

Designation of Credit
Physicians
The Dannemiller Memorial Educational Foundation designates this educational activity for a maximum of 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Registered Nurses
The Dannemiller Memorial Educational Foundation is an approved provider of the California Board of Registered Nursing. Provider approved by the California Board of Registered Nursing, Provider Number 4229 for 1.2 contact hours.

RNs outside California must verify with their licensing agency for approval of this course.

Method of Participation
This activity should take approximately 1 hour to complete. Participants should review the learning objective(s) associated with each abstracted article (for each article there is one learning objective and test question). After reviewing the objective(s) the participant should read the abstracted articles and complete the posttest and evaluation questions. The evaluation form provides each participant the opportunity to comment on the extent to which educational objectives were met, the quality of the instructional process, the perception of enhanced professional effectiveness, the perception of commercial bias, and any views on future educational needs. To receive credit for this activity, follow the instructions provided on the posttest. This credit is valid through December 31, 2008. No credit will be given after this date. There is no fee associated with this CME/CE activity.

Upon successful completion of this activity and post-test, a CME/CE certificate for up to 1 AMA Category 1 credit or 1.2 contact hours will be issued on-line and the participant will be able to print the certificate at their location. No additional certificate will be mailed. The participant will have unlimited access to their personal transcript, documenting their participation and achievement.

In the event you are unable to print the certificate, please submit the post-test and then email editor@dannemiller.com and a certificate will be mailed to you within two weeks.

Disclosure
The Dannemiller Memorial Educational Foundation requires that the faculty participating in a continuing medical education activity disclose to participants any significant financial interest or other relationship (1) with the manufacturer(s) of any commercial product(s) and/or provider(s) of commercial services discussed in an educational presentation, and (2) with any commercial supporters of the activity.

The Editor is Dr. Kenneth D. Candido, MD. Dr. Candido is the Director, Division of Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois. Dr. Candido has indicated that he has no affiliations with any commercial company that might impact on the content of this presentation.

A professional healthcare provider abstracts each article. All abstractors have indicated that they have no affiliation with any commercial company that might impact on the content of this presentation. The Dannemiller Memorial Educational Foundation staff that was involved in the development of this activity has no financial relationships with any commercial interests that are relevant to this activity.

Off Label Statement
This educational activity may contain discussion of published and/or investigational uses of agents that are not indicated by FDA. The opinions expressed in the educational activity are those of the authors of the original articles. Please refer to the official prescribing information for each product for discussion of approved indications, contraindications, and warnings. Further, participants should appraise the information presented critically and are encouraged to consult appropriate resources for any product or device mentioned in this program.

Disclaimer
The content and views presented in this educational activity are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Dannemiller Memorial Educational Foundation or Cephalon. This material is prepared based upon a review of multiple sources of information, but it is not exhaustive of the subject matter. Therefore, healthcare professionals and other individuals should review and consider other publications and materials on the subject matter before relying solely upon the information contained within this educational activity.